Imagining the future after Nicanor Parra's death: renegotiating antipoetry as a vehicle for online protest
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-1529.2021.58504Keywords:
Nicanor Parra, vernacular creativity, Instangram, poetry, online protestAbstract
This research examines the mediations and remediations of the image and work of Nicanor Parra shared on Instagram after his death using the hashtag #nicanorparra. Given his importance as a national icon, his death can be considered an important site of national memory to be studied. The images and texts circulated were analysed using discourse analysis, to interpret how these mediated memories articulate contemporary discourses regarding chileanness and protests today. The results indicate that users construct an image of Parra similar to that of a modern prophet, whose message of “anti-ness” encourages them to take action on issues such as inequity and the impact of economic development on the environment. Through Parra's poetry, expressed digitally through vernacular creativity, the mnemonic imagination weaves new collective imaginaries for the future of the country.References
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Benedetti, M. (1972). Los Poetas Comunicantes. Montevideo: Biblioteca de Marcha.
Binns, N. (2006). "Introducción". En N. Binns & N. Parra (eds.) Obras Completas & Algo + (pp.XXIX-LXXVI). Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg.
Bleiker, R. (2012). Aesthetics and World Politics. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. http://dx.doi. org/10.1057/9780230244375
Burgess, J. (2007). Hearing ordinary voices: cultural studies, vernacular creativity and digital storytelling. Continuum, 20(2), 201-214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10304310600641737
Cardalda, E.B. & Tirado, A. (2001). Ambiguous Identities! The Af rmation of Puertorriqueñidad in the Community Murals of New York City. En: A. Laó-Montes & A. Dávila (eds.) Mambo Montage: The Latinization of New York (pp.207- 233). New York: Columbia University Press.
Chiriboga, L.A. (2013). En Busca De Octavio Paz: De La Historia A “Lo Otro”. Quito: Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana.
Duguay, S. (2015, 27-29 de Julio). Is being #instagay different from an #lgbttakeover? A cross-platform investigation of sexual and gender identity performances [presentación en conferencia]. Social Media and Society 2015 International Conference. Ryerson University, Canadá.
El Mostrador (16 de octubre, 2020). La minuta de Allamand a las embajadas con la versión o cial sobre el estallido social y el plebiscito. El mostrador. https://www.elmostrador.cl/dia/2020/10/16/la-minuta- de-allamand-a-las-embajadas-con-la-version-o cial-sobre-el-estallido-social-y-el-plebiscito/
Erll, A. & Rigney, A. (2012). Introduction: Cultural Memory and its Dynamics. En A. Erll & A. Rigney (eds.) Mediation, Remediation, and the Dynamics of Cultural Memory (pp.1-11). Gottingen: De Gruyter. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110217384.0.1
Farinosi, M. & Micalizzi, A. (2016). Geolocating the past: online memories after the L’aquila earthquake. En: A. Hajek, C. Lohmeier, & C. Pentzold (eds.) Memory In A Mediated World: Remembrance And Recons- truction (pp.90-110). London: Palgrave Macmillan. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137470126_6
Foucault, M. (1991). Discipline and Punish: the birth of a prison. London: Penguin.
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Frith, S. (1996). Music and Identity. En S. Hall, & P. du Gay (eds.) Questions of Cultural Identity (pp.108-127). London: Sage. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446221907.n7
Fürsich, E. (2009). In defense of textual analysis. Journalism Studies, 10(2), 238-252. http://dx.doi. org/10.1080/14616700802374050
Gonzalez, R.E. & Dotremon, D. (2014). The physicist who made a significant contribution. Hipertexto, (19), 63-82.
Grossman, E. (1975). The Antipoetry of Nicanor Parra. New York: New York University Press.
Guta, H. & Karolak, M. (2015). Veiling and blogging social: media as sites of identity negotiation and expression among Saudi women. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 16(2), 115-127.
Hajek, A., Lohmeier, C. & Pentzold, C. (2016). Introduction: Remembering and Reviving in States of Flux. En: A. Hajek, C. Lohmeier & C. Pentzold (eds.) Memory In A Me- diated World: Remembrance And Reconstruction (pp.1-12). Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137470126_1
Hall, S. (1996). Introduction: Who Needs “Identity”?. En: S. Hall & P. du Gay (eds.) Ques- tions of Cultural Identity (pp.1-17). London: Sage.
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Hogan, B. (2010). The Presentation of Self in the Age of Social Media: Distinguishing Performances and Exhibitions Online. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 30(6), 377–386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0270467610385893
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Huyssen, A. (2003). Present Pasts: Urban Palimpsests and the Politics of Memory. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Kearney, A. (2013). Ethnicity and Memory. En: E. Keightley & M. Pickering (eds.) Research Methods for Memory Studies (pp.132-148). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Keightley, E. & Pickering, M. (2013). "Painful pasts". En: E. Keightley & M. Pickering (eds.) Research Methods for Memory Studies (pp.151-166). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Larraín, J. (2001). Identidad Chilena. Santiago: LOM.
Larraín, J. (2010). Identidad Chilena y el Bicentenario. Estudios Públicos, (120), 5-30.
Lather, P. (2017). (Post)Critical Methodologies: The Science Possible After the Critiques. New York: Routledge.
Martín-Barbero, J. (2006). "Intervening From and Through Research Practice: Meditations On The Cuzco Workshop". En: D. Sommer (ed.) Cultural Agency in the Americas (pp.31-51). London: Duke University Press.
McKee, A. (2003). Textual Analysis: A Beginner’s Guide. London: Sage.
Merriam, S. (2009.) What is Qualitative Research? En: S. Merriam (ed.) Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation (pp.3-20). San Francisco: Wiley.
Milan, S. (2015). From social movements to cloud protesting: the evolution of collective identity. Information, Communication & Society, 18(8), 887-900. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1080/1369118X.2015.1043135
Morales, L. (2012). Nicanor Parra: El proyecto antipoético. Anales de Literatura Chilena, (17), 147-167.
Nómez, N. (2003). Identidad y mito en la poesía moderna: Otra mirada sobre lo mismo. Atenea, (487), 51-67.
Nyabola, H.N. (2017). "Media perspectives and new narratives: Kenyans tweet back". En: M. Bunce, S., Franks, & C. Paterson (eds.) Africa’s Media Image In The 21st Century: From The “Heart Of Darkness” To “Africa Rising” (pp.113-115). Oxon: Rutledge.
Pace, L. & Livingston, M. (2005). Protecting Human Subjects in Internet Research. Electronic Journal of Business Ethics and Organization Studies, 10(1), 35-41.
Parra, N. (1969). Obra Gruesa. Santiago: Editorial Universitaria.
Parra, N., & Neruda, P. (1962). Discursos. Santiago: Editorial Nacimiento.
Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (2006). Desarrollo Humano en Chile. Las Nuevas Tecnologías: ¿un Salto al Futuro? http://www.cl.undp.org/content/ chile/es/home/library/human_development/las-nuevas-tecnologias---un-sal- to-al-futuro-.html
Rose, G. (2012). Visual Methodologies: An Introduction To Researching With Visual Materials. London: Sage.
Rowe, W. & Schelling, V. (1991). Memory and Modernity. Popular Culture in Latin America. London: Verso.
Shellhorse, A.J. (2017). Anti-Literature: The Politics and Limits Of Representation In Modern Brazil And Argentina. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Soguk, N. (2006). Splinters of Hegemony: Ontopoetical Visions in International Relations. Alternatives, 31 (4), 77-404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030437540603100402
Subercaseaux, B. (2016). Políticas Culturales en Chile: Una Perspectiva Histórica. Estudios Públicos, (144), 205-232.
Van Dijck, J. (2007). Mediated Memories in the Digital Age. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Vivienne, S. & Burgess, J. (2013). The remediation of the personal photograph and the politics of self-representation in digital storytelling. Journal of Material Culture, 18(3), 279–298.
Zappavigna, M. (2016). Social media photography: construing subjectivity in Instagram images. Visual Communication, 15(3), 271–292. http://dx.doi. org/10.1177/1470357216643220
Benedetti, M. (1972). Los Poetas Comunicantes. Montevideo: Biblioteca de Marcha.
Binns, N. (2006). "Introducción". En N. Binns & N. Parra (eds.) Obras Completas & Algo + (pp.XXIX-LXXVI). Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg.
Bleiker, R. (2012). Aesthetics and World Politics. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. http://dx.doi. org/10.1057/9780230244375
Burgess, J. (2007). Hearing ordinary voices: cultural studies, vernacular creativity and digital storytelling. Continuum, 20(2), 201-214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10304310600641737
Cardalda, E.B. & Tirado, A. (2001). Ambiguous Identities! The Af rmation of Puertorriqueñidad in the Community Murals of New York City. En: A. Laó-Montes & A. Dávila (eds.) Mambo Montage: The Latinization of New York (pp.207- 233). New York: Columbia University Press.
Chiriboga, L.A. (2013). En Busca De Octavio Paz: De La Historia A “Lo Otro”. Quito: Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana.
Duguay, S. (2015, 27-29 de Julio). Is being #instagay different from an #lgbttakeover? A cross-platform investigation of sexual and gender identity performances [presentación en conferencia]. Social Media and Society 2015 International Conference. Ryerson University, Canadá.
El Mostrador (16 de octubre, 2020). La minuta de Allamand a las embajadas con la versión o cial sobre el estallido social y el plebiscito. El mostrador. https://www.elmostrador.cl/dia/2020/10/16/la-minuta- de-allamand-a-las-embajadas-con-la-version-o cial-sobre-el-estallido-social-y-el-plebiscito/
Erll, A. & Rigney, A. (2012). Introduction: Cultural Memory and its Dynamics. En A. Erll & A. Rigney (eds.) Mediation, Remediation, and the Dynamics of Cultural Memory (pp.1-11). Gottingen: De Gruyter. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110217384.0.1
Farinosi, M. & Micalizzi, A. (2016). Geolocating the past: online memories after the L’aquila earthquake. En: A. Hajek, C. Lohmeier, & C. Pentzold (eds.) Memory In A Mediated World: Remembrance And Recons- truction (pp.90-110). London: Palgrave Macmillan. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137470126_6
Foucault, M. (1991). Discipline and Punish: the birth of a prison. London: Penguin.
Foxley, A.M. (1989). Nicanor Parra: un embutido de ángel y bestia. La Época (72), 1-4.
Frith, S. (1996). Music and Identity. En S. Hall, & P. du Gay (eds.) Questions of Cultural Identity (pp.108-127). London: Sage. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446221907.n7
Fürsich, E. (2009). In defense of textual analysis. Journalism Studies, 10(2), 238-252. http://dx.doi. org/10.1080/14616700802374050
Gonzalez, R.E. & Dotremon, D. (2014). The physicist who made a significant contribution. Hipertexto, (19), 63-82.
Grossman, E. (1975). The Antipoetry of Nicanor Parra. New York: New York University Press.
Guta, H. & Karolak, M. (2015). Veiling and blogging social: media as sites of identity negotiation and expression among Saudi women. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 16(2), 115-127.
Hajek, A., Lohmeier, C. & Pentzold, C. (2016). Introduction: Remembering and Reviving in States of Flux. En: A. Hajek, C. Lohmeier & C. Pentzold (eds.) Memory In A Me- diated World: Remembrance And Reconstruction (pp.1-12). Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137470126_1
Hall, S. (1996). Introduction: Who Needs “Identity”?. En: S. Hall & P. du Gay (eds.) Ques- tions of Cultural Identity (pp.1-17). London: Sage.
Harju, A. (2015). Socially shared mourning: construction and consumption of collective memory. New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia, 21(1–2), 123–145. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1080/13614568.2014.983562
Hogan, B. (2010). The Presentation of Self in the Age of Social Media: Distinguishing Performances and Exhibitions Online. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 30(6), 377–386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0270467610385893
Hormazábal, R. (2017, 21 de Junio). Siete pasos posibles para reducir la desigualdad en Chile. El Mostrador. http://www.elmostrador.cl/noticias/opinion/2017/06/21/ siete-pasos-posibles-para-reducir-la-desigualdad-en-chile/
Huyssen, A. (2003). Present Pasts: Urban Palimpsests and the Politics of Memory. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Kearney, A. (2013). Ethnicity and Memory. En: E. Keightley & M. Pickering (eds.) Research Methods for Memory Studies (pp.132-148). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Keightley, E. & Pickering, M. (2013). "Painful pasts". En: E. Keightley & M. Pickering (eds.) Research Methods for Memory Studies (pp.151-166). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Larraín, J. (2001). Identidad Chilena. Santiago: LOM.
Larraín, J. (2010). Identidad Chilena y el Bicentenario. Estudios Públicos, (120), 5-30.
Lather, P. (2017). (Post)Critical Methodologies: The Science Possible After the Critiques. New York: Routledge.
Martín-Barbero, J. (2006). "Intervening From and Through Research Practice: Meditations On The Cuzco Workshop". En: D. Sommer (ed.) Cultural Agency in the Americas (pp.31-51). London: Duke University Press.
McKee, A. (2003). Textual Analysis: A Beginner’s Guide. London: Sage.
Merriam, S. (2009.) What is Qualitative Research? En: S. Merriam (ed.) Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation (pp.3-20). San Francisco: Wiley.
Milan, S. (2015). From social movements to cloud protesting: the evolution of collective identity. Information, Communication & Society, 18(8), 887-900. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1080/1369118X.2015.1043135
Morales, L. (2012). Nicanor Parra: El proyecto antipoético. Anales de Literatura Chilena, (17), 147-167.
Nómez, N. (2003). Identidad y mito en la poesía moderna: Otra mirada sobre lo mismo. Atenea, (487), 51-67.
Nyabola, H.N. (2017). "Media perspectives and new narratives: Kenyans tweet back". En: M. Bunce, S., Franks, & C. Paterson (eds.) Africa’s Media Image In The 21st Century: From The “Heart Of Darkness” To “Africa Rising” (pp.113-115). Oxon: Rutledge.
Pace, L. & Livingston, M. (2005). Protecting Human Subjects in Internet Research. Electronic Journal of Business Ethics and Organization Studies, 10(1), 35-41.
Parra, N. (1969). Obra Gruesa. Santiago: Editorial Universitaria.
Parra, N., & Neruda, P. (1962). Discursos. Santiago: Editorial Nacimiento.
Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (2006). Desarrollo Humano en Chile. Las Nuevas Tecnologías: ¿un Salto al Futuro? http://www.cl.undp.org/content/ chile/es/home/library/human_development/las-nuevas-tecnologias---un-sal- to-al-futuro-.html
Rose, G. (2012). Visual Methodologies: An Introduction To Researching With Visual Materials. London: Sage.
Rowe, W. & Schelling, V. (1991). Memory and Modernity. Popular Culture in Latin America. London: Verso.
Shellhorse, A.J. (2017). Anti-Literature: The Politics and Limits Of Representation In Modern Brazil And Argentina. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Soguk, N. (2006). Splinters of Hegemony: Ontopoetical Visions in International Relations. Alternatives, 31 (4), 77-404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030437540603100402
Subercaseaux, B. (2016). Políticas Culturales en Chile: Una Perspectiva Histórica. Estudios Públicos, (144), 205-232.
Van Dijck, J. (2007). Mediated Memories in the Digital Age. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Vivienne, S. & Burgess, J. (2013). The remediation of the personal photograph and the politics of self-representation in digital storytelling. Journal of Material Culture, 18(3), 279–298.
Zappavigna, M. (2016). Social media photography: construing subjectivity in Instagram images. Visual Communication, 15(3), 271–292. http://dx.doi. org/10.1177/1470357216643220
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2021-06-25
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Guzmán, M. V. (2021). Imagining the future after Nicanor Parra’s death: renegotiating antipoetry as a vehicle for online protest. Comunicación Y Medios, 30(43), pp. 36–49. https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-1529.2021.58504
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